![]() ![]() This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.ī.S. ![]() These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Examples of PIC simulations of magnetic reconnection are discussed. Various approximations to the full set of Maxwell’s equations are described as well as the case of hybrid models (particle ions, fluid electrons) in which fluid equations are used to model the slow time evolution of high frequency phenomena, thus allowing a study of lower frequency kinetic phenomena on longer temporal and larger spatial scales. The basic techniques involved in a PIC model are illustrated: accumulation of the charge and current densities on a spatial grid, time integration of the field and particle equations, and limitations imposed by the underlying kinetic physics of a plasma. The full particle version of these models, in which both the electrons and ions are treated as particles, makes no approximations to the basic laws of mechanics and electricity and magnetism, and thus the full range of collisionless plasma physics is included in such a model. This chapter serves as a tutorial introduction to the field of particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of plasmas. ![]()
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